{"id":365151,"date":"2024-05-05T15:02:43","date_gmt":"2024-05-05T15:02:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/englishturbo.com\/blog\/%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-summary-%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%af%db%8c%d9%86%da%af-%d8%a2%d8%b2%d9%85%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%87%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%d8%b3\/"},"modified":"2025-12-21T18:17:43","modified_gmt":"2025-12-21T14:47:43","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-summary-%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%af%db%8c%d9%86%da%af-%d8%a2%d8%b2%d9%85%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%87%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%d8%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/englishturbo.com\/blog\/%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-summary-%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%af%db%8c%d9%86%da%af-%d8%a2%d8%b2%d9%85%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%81%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%87%db%8c-%d9%be%d8%a7%d8%b3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Summary \u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644 + \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Summary \u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\"\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 introductory sentence \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u200c\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Summary \u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Summary \u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 introductory \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 introductory sentence \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 introductory \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 introductory \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

For an extended period, scientists have contended that the dinosaur extinction was associated with shifts in climate.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u067e\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Summary \u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Summary \u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a Summary \u0631\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0641\u0644<\/strong><\/h2>\n


\n<\/span>[4] The dissatisfaction with traditional explanations for the extinction of dinosaurs led to a notable observation, which subsequently gave rise to a <\/span>fresh hypothesis<\/b>.\u00a0<\/span>Numerous plants and animals abruptly cease to appear in the fossil record when transitioning from rock strata marking <\/b>the end of the Cretaceous to those denoting the start of the Cenozoic<\/b> (the era succeeding the Mesozoic)<\/b>. Frequently, there is a slender layer of clay between the final layer of Cretaceous rock and the initial layer of Cenozoic rock.<\/span><\/p>\n

Scientists hypothesized that they could approximate the duration of the extinctions by determining the deposition time of this one-centimeter-thick clay layer. They proposed to measure this period by quantifying the amount of the element iridium (Ir) present in the clay.<\/span>
\n<\/span>[5] Iridium (Ir) has been scarce on Earth’s surface since the early stages of the planet’s formation. As it typically exists in a metallic form, it was predominantly incorporated into the Earth’s core as the planet cooled and solidified. Iridium is found in high quantities in some meteorites, where the initial chemical composition of the solar system is retained.<\/span><\/p>\n

Even today, Earth is persistently\u00a0struck\u00a0by microscopic meteorites that land on both terrestrial and aquatic surfaces. By quantifying the number of these meteorites that land on Earth over a specific timeframe, scientists can estimate the duration it might have taken to accumulate the observed quantity of Iridium in the boundary clay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

These computations indicate that it would have taken approximately one million years.\u00a0Nevertheless, other trustworthy evidence implies that the deposition of the boundary clay couldn’t have spanned one million years.\u00a0Thus, the unusually elevated concentration of Iridium appears to necessitate a unique explanation.<\/span>
\n<\/span>[6] Considering these pieces of evidence, <\/span>scientists <\/b>formulated a hypothesis<\/b> suggesting that a solitary colossal asteroid, measuring approximately 10 to 15 kilometers in diameter, collided with Earth, resulting in the formation of the boundary clay.<\/b><\/p>\n

Their calculations indicate that the impact generated a dust cloud that obstructed sunlight for several months, impeding photosynthesis in plants, causing continental surface temperatures to plummet below freezing, inducing extreme episodes of acid rain, and significantly elevating long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This\u00a0disturbance\u00a0in the food chain and climate would have led to the <\/span>extinction of dinosaurs<\/b> and other organisms within a span of less than fifty years.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Directions: <\/b>An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    For an extended period, scientists have contended that the dinosaur extinction was associated with shifts in climate.<\/b><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n
        \n
      1. Major shifts in daily and seasonal climates were followed by the retreat of the seas back into the vast ocean basins.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \n
        • A straightforward climate change fails to account for some crucial data linked to the extinction of dinosaurs at the <\/span>close of the Cretaceous period.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            \n
          1. The receding of the seaways at the conclusion of the Cretaceous period remains largely unexplained.<\/span><\/li>\n
          2. The sudden nature of extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous and the elevated concentration of Iridium found in clay from that era have inspired the <\/span>formulation of a new hypothesis<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n
          3. Some researchers propose that the <\/span>demise of dinosaurs<\/b> was caused by the aftermath of an asteroid hitting Earth.<\/span><\/li>\n
          4. Scientists utilize layers of boundary clay, like the one between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, to estimate the pace at which a species went extinct.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

            b, d, e<\/b><\/p>\n

            \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u200c \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

            The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment\u2026\u2026..\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms.<\/span><\/li>\n
            2. The circadian period of an animal\u2019s internal clock is genetically determined and basically unchangeable.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
            3. Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal\u2019s clock.<\/span><\/li>\n
            4. Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even when environmental cues are absent.<\/span><\/li>\n
            5. Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans.<\/span><\/li>\n
            6. Because an animal\u2019s internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u062c\u0645\u0639\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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